Ngokukhawulezisa ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, iimeko eziphezulu{0}}ezinjengokutshiswa kwenkunkuma,{1}}ishishini lemichiza yobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nezibiyitha zeplanti enkulu yamandla zineemfuno ezingqongqo ezingqongqo zemathiriyeli yegrate. Ubushushu obuphezulu, -ukutya okuphezulu, kunye{5}}nomthwalo ophezulu{5}}iimeko zokusebenza, udityaniswa nomgangatho ophezulu{6}}ubushushu kunye{7}}neempawu eziphezulu zemozulu yokufuma, zihlala zibangela ubushushu obuqhelekileyo{8}izinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana noguquko, umhlwa, ukuqhekeka, kunye nezinye iingxaki, ezichaphazela kakhulu iindleko zolondolozo. Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, i-1.4857 (GX40NiCrSi35{13}}26) austenitic heat{14}}resistant cast cast iron grate, kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu{15}}kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neengenelo zokuxhathisa umhlwa, iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni isiphelo esiphezulu{18}}kwimeko yezoshishino kwi-Asia. Eli nqaku liza kuhlalutya nzulu iimpawu eziphambili kunye neemeko ezisebenzayo ze-1.4857 grates yezinto, kwaye sidibanise amandla obugcisa benkampani yethu kunye neenkonzo zasekhaya ukuze zibonelele{19}}ukuguquguquka kunye nezisombululo zegrate ezingabizi kakhulu kubathengi baseSoutheast Asia.
I. Ku{1}}uHlalutyo olunzulu lwe-1.4857 Material: Izinto eziluncedo zeMathiriyeli eziPhakamileyo{3}}
I-1.4857 yimigangatho yaseYurophu eqinisekisiweyo yobushushu be-austenitic{1}}intsimbi exhathisayo, ehambelana nomgangatho waseJamani we-GX40NiCrSi35-25 kunye nomgangatho waseMelika we-A297 HP. Ukubunjwa kwayo kubonakaliswe nge-chromium ephezulu (24-26%), i-nickel ephezulu (34-36%), kunye ne-silicon ephezulu (1.0-2.5%), kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni olawulwa kwi-0.30-0.50%. Ngeenkqubo ezichanekileyo zokunyibilikiswa kunye nokujula, inomsebenzi obanzi ogqithise kakhulu kubushushu obuqhelekileyo{16}}izinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, ziqhelana ngokugqibeleleyo neemeko zokusebenza ezirhabaxa zeziko loshishino oluphezulu kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia.
2
Olona ncedo lungundoqo lwe-1.4857 yimathiriyeli yeyona nto ibalaseleyo{1}}yozinzo lobushushu obuphezulu. Ingasebenza ngokuzinzileyo ixesha elide kwindawo ephezulu kakhulu-yobushushu obukwiqondo le-900–1050, igqithise kakhulu kumda wokumelana nobushushu obuqhelekileyo{6}}intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu (800{9}}900 degree). Nakwicandelo eliphezulu{10}}lobushushu bezixhobo ezifana nezitshisi zenkunkuma kunye{12}}neziko zeekhemikhali zobushushu obuphezulu, liyakwazi ukumelana nokunyuka kwe-thermal kunye nokudinwa kwe-thermal, linqande ukonakala kunye nokuqhekeka kweepleyiti zegrate ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu, kwaye yandise kakhulu ubomi benkonzo. Olu phawu lufaneleke ncam kwiimfuno zokuphela -zemeko ezinjengokutshiswa kwenkunkuma kunye{15}}nobushushu obuphezulu bokunyibilika kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nemfuneko yobushushu bokutshisa obuyi-950-1050 idigri kwizitshisi zenkunkuma ezinkulu, ezinokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide lokucinywa kwegrate kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwegrate.
2. I-Corrosion enamandla kunye ne-Oxidation Resistance, ifanelekile kwiMedia eyinkimbinkimbi
Kwimeko yemizi-mveliso kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, iklorini{{0}equlathe nesalfure{1}}equlathe irhasi edliwayo yeflue eveliswa kukutshiswa kwenkunkuma, imidiya yeasidi kwiziko lekhemikhali, kunye nokuhlwa kweatmospheri okubangelwa{2}}ubushushu obuphezulu kunye-nobushushu obuphezulu bezinto zemozulu ezitshabalalisayo. Ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-chromium ephezulu kunye nezinto eziphezulu ze-nickel, izinto ze-1.4857 zenza ifilimu ekhuselweyo ye-chromium oxide ebusweni kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, ngokufanelekileyo ukwahlula ukukhukuliseka kwe-oksijini, iigesi ezidliwayo, kunye ne-slag yesithando somlilo. Inesulfure eyomeleleyo kunye neklorini yokumelana nomhlwa, kwaye ingamelana nobushushu obuphezulu{7}}i-oxidation kunye nefuthe lezinto eziphathekayo, ukusombulula indawo yentlungu yokuba imathiriyeli eqhelekileyo ithanda ukubola kwaye inxibe kwimidiya enzima.
3. IiPropati eziPhakamileyo zoomatshini, zilungele ukusebenza{1}}kuMlayisho oPhezulu
Xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu obuqhelekileyo{0}}izinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, i-1.4857 imathiriyeli inamandla abalaseleyo kunye nokuqina emva kweenkqubo ezichanekileyo zonyango lobushushu, ezinokuthwala uxinzelelo lomatshini, uxinzelelo lwe-thermal, kunye nefuthe lezinto ezibonakalayo ngexesha lokusebenza kweziko leshishini, kwaye azifaneli ukuqhekeka kunye nokuwa kweepleyiti zegrate. Amandla ayo okuqina anokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-450MPa, kwaye umlinganiselo wobude Mkhulu kune-15% okanye ulingana ne-15%, ekwazi ukuziqhelanisa nomthwalo ophakamileyo{5}}umthwalo oqhubekayo weemfuno zokusebenza kwiziko elikhulu lemizi-mveliso, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo ukubuyisela kunye nokuhamba kweemeko zokusebenza zeefurni zegrate ezinomatshini, ezibonelela ngesiqinisekiso esiqinileyo sokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kwezixhobo.
II. Iimeko eziSetyenziswayo ezingundoqo ze-1.4857 Material Grates kwi-Southeast Asia
Idityaniswe nemeko yangoku yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kunye neemeko zokusebenza kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, i-1.4857 i-grates yezinto eziphathekayo igxininise kakhulu kwiimeko ezintathu eziphezulu{1}} zesiphelo. Ngeenzuzo zabo zokusebenza, baye baba lukhetho lokuqala kumashishini amakhulu kumazwe afana ne-Indonesia, Vietnam, kunye neThailand, ingakumbi esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwenkunkuma,{3}}ishishini lemichiza yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nezinye iinkalo.
1. Imeko yeNkunkuma yokutshisa (Imeko engundoqo)
Ngophuculo lweemfuneko zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunyango lwenkunkuma kumazwe ahlukeneyo akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, ukuveliswa kwamandla okutshisa inkunkuma kuye kwaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma. Umzekelo, iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokutshisa inkunkuma e-Indonesia naseVietnam zonke kufuneka ziqhelane-nobushushu,{2}}phezulu, kunye{3}nemeko yokusebenza ephezulu. Igrate ye-1.4857 inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu be-900{7}}i-1050 idigri ngexesha lokutshiswa kwenkunkuma, ixhathise ukuhlwa kweklorini{8}}equlathe nesalfure{10}equlethe irhasi ye-flue, kwaye kwangaxeshanye imelane nempembelelo kunye nokunxitywa kwenkunkuma kunciphisa ubukhulu be-slag yokunciphisa iziko. Ilungele inkqubo{11}}yokutshisa imigangatho emithathu yezitshisi zenkunkuma, inceda ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi benkunkuma kunye{12}}nezinto ezikhutshwayo ezisezantsi, kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zolwakhiwo "lwesixeko esingenankunkuma".
1
Amashishini amakhulu ekhemikhali kumazwe afana neThailand kunye neMalaysia aneziko zokusabela amaqondo aphezulu-obushushu, iitofu ezikrazukileyo kunye nezinye izixhobo ezikwiqondo eliphezulu{1}}lobushushu obuphezulu kunye{2}}nemeko yokusebenza yomhlwa ixesha elide. Irhasi ye-acidic flue eveliswa xa kutshiswa kakhulu{4}}amafutha esalfure aneemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu kwi-corrosion resistance of grate materials. Ukumelana ne-corrosion kunye-nokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu bezinto ze-1.4857 ziyakwazi ukulungelelanisa ngokugqibeleleyo kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kwemveliso okubangelwa ukubola kunye nomonakalo we-grate, ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso yeekhemikhali, kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwendawo yokusingqongileyo.
3. I-Boiler ye-Power Plant enkulu kunye ne-Metallurgical Furnace Scenario
Iibhoyila zeplanti enkulu yamandla kunye neefurnas zetsimbi yesinyithi kumazwe afana ne-Indonesia kunye neVietnam zinomthwalo ophezulu wokusebenza kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza, ezineemfuno ezingqongqo kwiqondo eliphezulu{0}}lokuzinza kunye neempawu zomatshini zegrate. I-1.4857 ye-grate yezinto eziphathekayo inokuthwala{3}}ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu{4}}imeko-bume yoxinzelelo ixesha elide, ayithandeki kwi-thermal deformation, inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokusebenza, ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa, ukunceda ukuveliswa okusebenzayo kwamandla kunye namashishini esinyithi, kunye nokulungelelanisa kwiimfuno ezinkulu kunye nezisulungekileyo zokusebenza zeyunithi enkulu.
III. Khetha i-1.4857 yethu yeeGrayithi zeMathiriyeli ukuze sibambe iThuba kwindawo ePhezulu{2}}Imakethi yesiphelo ye-Asia-mpuma
Njengeshishini elinamandla eligxile kwi-R&D, imveliso kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweegrayiti zemizi-mveliso, similise ngokunzulu kwimakethi ye-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia iminyaka emininzi, ukuqonda okunzulu ngeemeko zokusebenza zasekhaya kunye neemfuno zokuthengwa kwempahla. Ukuxhomekeka kubuchwephesha bemveliso obuphambili kunye nenkqubo yenkonzo epheleleyo, sibonelela ngexabiso eliphezulu{1}}lomgangatho we-1.4857 wegrayiti yezinto kubathengi base-Asia-mpuma, sidala isisombululo esinye{3}}sesithintelo "sezinto + zokwenza ngokwezifiso + inkonzo", ukunceda abathengi ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuphucula ukhuphiswano olungundoqo.
1. Ulawulo olungqongqo loMgangatho woKwakha umqobo ongundoqo weeMveliso
I-1.4857 yeegrayi zezinto eziveliswe yinkampani yethu zilandela ngokungqongqo imigangatho yemveliso yaseYurophu naseJamani, khetha -ubunyulu be-chromium, i-nickel, kunye ne-silicon yemathiriyeli ekrwada, kwaye yamkele itekhnoloji yokunyibilikisa ye-intermediate intermediate frequency induction kunye netekhnoloji echanekileyo yokuphosa ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kwezinto ezifanayo kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo. Ibhetshi nganye yeemveliso iye yafumana uvavanyo lokusebenza{3}}lobushushu obuphezulu, uvavanyo lokubola, kunye novavanyo lokwenziwa koomatshini, kunye neengxelo zovavanyo ezigunyazisiweyo zikhutshiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa komgangatho ophezulu{4}}wokuphela kwemeko yoshishino eMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Ubomi benkonzo bungaphezulu kwe-30% ubude kunobo beemveliso ezifanayo kwishishini, ezinokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo iindleko zokugcinwa kwe-shutdown, zifaniswe nomgangatho wemveliso ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, kwaye kwangaxeshanye ukwaphula indawo yeentlungu ze "acclimatization" yezixhobo ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, ukuziqhelanisa neemeko zokusebenza zendawo kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.
2. Iinkonzo zoLungiso lweNdawo ukuze Ziqhelanise ngokuchanekileyo neeMfuno zoMba
Ngenxa yomahluko kwiimeko zokusebenza phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye namashishini akumazantsi-mpuma e-Asia, sibonelela ngokupheleleyo -iinkonzo zenkqubo yokwenziwa ngokwezifiso - siyakwazi ukulungisa iinkcukacha, ubukhulu, kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-1.4857 yegrayiti yezinto ngokobukhulu bomthengi, ubushushu bokusebenza, kunye neempawu zamafutha (ezifana nezixhobo eziphakamileyo{3}{4} zesulfure} kunye ne-adaptha ephezulu} izixhobo zokutshisa inkunkuma, iziko lekhemikhali, kunye nezibiyeli zeplanti yombane. Ngaxeshanye, kudityaniswe nobushushu obuphezulu-kunye neempawu zemozulu{7}}eziphezulu zokufuma zaseMazantsi-mpuma eAsia, siphucula umphezulu inkqubo yokuchasana{8}}nokonakala kwegrayidi ukuze siphucule ngakumbi ukuxhathisa kokuhlwa kwemveliso nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza{9}}ixesha elide oluzinzileyo lwemveliso phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza zasekuhlaleni.
3. Gqibezela ikhonkco loNikezo kunye nasemva{1}}Inkonzo yoThengiso ukucutha iiNgcipheko zokuThenga
Siye saseka amaziko okugcina kwiindawo ezingundoqo ze-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia (iVietnam, i-Indonesia, iThailand), ene-stock eyaneleyo ye-1.4857 grates yezinto eziphathekayo, ezinokufikelela ngokukhawuleza ukuhanjiswa, ukunciphisa umjikelo wokubonelela, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ze-inventory yomthengi kunye nomngcipheko wokuthengwa kwempahla. Kwangaxeshanye, sixhotyiswe ngeqela lobuchwephesha lobugcisa kwaye emva{2}}iqela lokuthengisa ukunika enye-iinkonzo zokumisa ezifana{4}}nesikhokelo sofakelo lwesiza, iingcebiso zohlengahlengiso lwemeko yokusebenza, uhlolo lwarhoqo, kunye nokugcinwa kweziphene, ukuphendula kwiimfuno zabathengi 24/7 ukusombulula amaxhala abathengi. Ukongeza, sinokunikezela ngamaxwebhu afanelekileyo esiqinisekiso ahlangabezana nemigangatho yokungenisa eMzantsi-mpuma yeAsia, ukwenza lula iinkqubo zokucocwa kwesithethe, kwaye sincede abathengi bafumane iimpahla ngokufanelekileyo.
4. Iindleko{1}}I-Advanteji eFanelekileyo yokuphucula uKhuphiswano lwabathengi
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.4857 yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, iimveliso zethu zineenzuzo ezininzi kwixabiso kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa umgangatho, onokunceda abathengi banciphise iindleko zokuthenga nge-20%-30%. Kwangaxeshanye, kuxhomekeke kubomi benkonzo obugqwesileyo kunye nokuzinza kweemveliso, ukuphindaphindwa kokutshintshwa kwegrayiti kunye nokugcinwa kuncitshisiwe, ukunciphisa ngakumbi iindleko zokusebenza zexesha elide{6} zabathengi. Besisoloko sibambelele kumbono "womgangatho kuqala, umthengi ophambili", kwaye siseke ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano bexesha elide kunye nozinzo kunye namashishini amaninzi amakhulu okucoca inkunkuma, amashishini ekhemikhali, kunye namashishini ezikhululo zamandla kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, siphumelele ukuqondwa okuphezulu kubathengi kwaye sibe ngababoneleli abathandwayo kwimarike yegrate ephezulu kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia.
IV. Isiphelo: 1.4857 Material Grates Ukuxhobisa High{2}}Isiphelo Uphuculo loMzantsi mpuma Asia
Ngenguquko yoshishino lwaseMazantsi-mpuma eAsia ukuya esiphelweni esiphezulu- kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, amandla ophuhliso lwamasimi afana nokutshiswa kwenkunkuma kunye{1}}neshishini lemichiza yobushushu obuphezulu luyaqhubeka nokukhululwa, kwaye iimfuno zemathiriyeli yegrate nazo ziyakuqhuba ziphucuka. Ngokugqithisileyo -ukuchasana nobushushu, ukuxhathisa ukubola, kunye neempawu eziphezulu zemishini, i-grate ye-1.4857 yezinto eziphathekayo ilungelelanisa ngokugqibeleleyo iimfuno eziqatha ze{5}}imeko zemizi mveliso ephezulu kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, kwaye ibe sisisombululo esingundoqo sokusombulula iintlungu zezixhobo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo.
Njengomthengisi we-grate oyingcali omiliselwe ngokunzulu kwimarike ye-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, siya kuqhubeka sithembela kwizinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ukuze siphucule inkqubo yokuvelisa kunye neenkonzo zokwenza ngokwezifiso ze-1.4857 grates eziphathekayo. Ngeemveliso{2} ezikumgangatho ophezulu, iinkonzo ezipheleleyo, kunye neendleko-eziluncedo ezisebenzayo, siya kunceda abathengi baseMazantsi-mpuma Asia basombulule iingxaki zemeko yokusebenza, sinciphise iindleko kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, kwaye sisebenzisane ukuze siphumelele amathuba amatsha kwindawo ephezulu{4}}yemalike yegrate yemveliso. Ingaba uyishishini lokunyanga inkunkuma, ishishini lemichiza, isikhululo samandla, okanye ishishini le-metallurgical, ukuba ufuna isisombululo se-grate ye-1.4857 esifanelekileyo kwiimeko zokusebenza zase-Southeast Asia, nceda ukhululeke ukudibana nathi. Siza kukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye.
